Vacuum toilet system

ABSTRACT

A vacuum toilet system comprises a toilet bowl having a cover mounted for movement relative to the toilet bowl between an open position and a closed position, the cover being in at least partially sealing relation with the rim when in the closed position. A liquid supply opening is provided for introducing liquid into the toilet bowl when the cover is in the closed position. A discharge valve connects the outlet opening of the toilet bowl to a sewer pipe, in which a partial vacuum can be established. A reservoir has an inlet opening for receiving rinse liquid and an outlet opening in communication with the liquid supply opening. The inlet opening of the reservoir is exposed to substantially the same pressure as the liquid supply opening when the toilet bowl cover is in the open position and the discharge valve is closed. Rinse liquid is drawn from the reservoir into the toilet bowl by way of the liquid supply opening when the discharge valve is open and the cover is in the closed position.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/394,072 filed Aug. 15, 1989, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,245,711.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a vacuum toilet system.

Vacuum toilet systems have been known for many years. The modern vacuum toilet system comprises a waste-receiving bowl, a sewer pipe that can be placed under a pressure that is substantially lower than that in the interior of the waste-receiving bowl, and a discharge valve for controlling passage of material from the waste-receiving bowl into the sewer pipe. A rinse liquid outlet is provided near the rim of the waste-receiving bowl and is connected through a rinse liquid valve to a source of pressurized rinse liquid. During a flush cycle, in which the discharge valve is opened, the rinse liquid valve is opened and rinse liquid is introduced into the waste-receiving bowl.

Non-recirculating vacuum toilet systems using plain water as a rinse liquid are attractive for use in aircraft. In such a system, it is conventional for the rinse liquid to be provided from the aircraft's potable water system. The potable water system includes a tank, pipes connecting the tank to consuming devices, such as the vacuum toilets and hand basins, and a pump for maintaining the water in the pipes under pressure.

An aircraft toilet system comprises a holding tank for receiving waste material from the waste-receiving bowl. In order to avoid transporting material that could be discharged from the aircraft in flight, gray water, i.e., water that, though not potable, can be discharged into the environment without treatment, e.g. water from hand basins and from galley sinks, is not fed into the vacuum toilet system so that it enters the holding tank but is discharged from the aircraft through a drain mast.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,713,847 issued Dec. 22, 1987, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein, discloses a vacuum toilet system in which a pump is used to deliver rinse water to a toilet bowl under control of a valve that is opened in response to actuation of a flush switch.

It has been proposed that an aircraft vacuum toilet system should employ gray water as the rinse liquid for the vacuum toilets. According to this proposal, which, as far as the applicants are aware, has not been reduced to practice, a reservoir for collecting gray water would be provided, and each toilet would be provided with means for drawing gray water from the reservoir and delivering it to the toilet in response to actuation of a flush switch.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A preferred embodiment of the invention is a vacuum toilet system comprising a toilet bowl, a sewer pipe, a discharge valve connecting the outlet opening of the toilet bowl to the sewer pipe, a source of partial vacuum for establishing a lower pressure in the interior space of the sewer pipe than in the toilet bowl, and means defining a rinse liquid outlet for introducing rinse liquid into the toilet bowl. A reservoir collects water from the outlet of a water utilization unit such as a hand basin, a sink, or the like, and water is delivered from the reservoir to the rinse liquid outlet. Purification means provide at least some purification of water delivered from the water utilization unit to the rinse liquid outlet.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the invention, and to show how the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a vacuum toilet system embodying the present invention, including a toilet bowl, a gray water reservoir and a pump, the toilet system being shown in its normal operating condition, immediately before a flush cycle;

FIG. 2 is a top plan view, partly in section, of the gray water reservoir when the toilet system is in its normal operating condition;

FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the disc member of a disc valve that is incorporated in the gray water reservoir;

FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a combination pump and gray water reservoir used in a modification of the FIG. 1 system; and

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a second vacuum toilet system embodying the present invention.

In the various Figures, like reference numerals designate corresponding components.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The vacuum toilet system illustrated in FIG. 1 is designed to be installed in a pressurized aircraft and comprises a toilet bowl 2 which defines an interior space for receiving waste material and has an outlet opening 4. The outlet opening is connected to one side of an electrically driven discharge valve 6, and the opposite side of the discharge valve is connected through a sewer pipe 8 to a holding tank 10. The discharge valve 6 controls flow of material from the toilet bowl to the holding tank. A pressure difference of about 250 mbar is required to operate the system illustrated in FIG. 1. Sufficient pressure difference for operating the system exists between the cabin of the aircraft and the ambient atmosphere when the aircraft is at an altitude greater than about 5,000 m. If the pressure difference between the cabin of the aircraft and the ambient atmosphere is too low, a blower 12 is used to establish a sufficient pressure difference. Reference may be made to U.S. Pat. No. 4,713,847 for further information regarding the manner in which material is transported to the tank and removed from the tank.

The vacuum toilet system also comprises a hand basin 40 having a cold water valve 42, and an outlet pipe 44. The cold water valve 42 is connected through a pipe 46 to a source (not shown) of water under pressure. The cold water valve 42 is solenoid-operated and automatically closing. When a user presses a button (not shown), a switch 48 is closed and supplies electrical current to a solenoid 50, which opens the valve 42. When the supply of current is discontinued, e.g. by removing pressure from the button, the valve 42 closes. A secondary cold water supply switch 52 is connected in parallel with the switch 48.

The outlet pipe of the hand basin 40 is connected to a gray water reservoir 62. The gray water reservoir has a cover 64 to which an upper housing 66 is attached. The cover 64 and the housing define three passages 70, 72 and 74 that are controlled by a valve disc 68, which has openings 82, 84 and 86, shown also in FIG. 3. The valve disc 68 is located between the reservoir cover and the upper housing and is mounted on a shaft 53, which is rotatably supported by the cover 64 and upper housing 66.

The disc 68 is coupled through the shaft 53 and an arm 54 (FIG. 2) that extends radially of the shaft 53 to a vacuum-actuated motor 152 which is operable to rotate the disc 68 selectively to a position in which the passage 70 is open or a position in which the passages 72 and 74 are open. The motor 152 comprises a cylinder 154 in which a piston 156 is slidingly fitted so that it defines a chamber of variable volume. The piston 156 is provided with a piston rod operating the arm 54 as shown in FIG. 2. A spring 162 urges the piston 156 towards the position shown, in which the passage 70 is open. When the piston 156 is in another end position more to the right of FIG. 2, the passages 72 and 74 are open.

The outlet pipe 44 enters the reservoir 62 through an inlet opening 76 aligned with the passage 70 and in open communication with the passage 72. However, a sleeve 80 extends downwardly from the opening 76 and a wall 87 extends upwardly from the passage 72, to a level above the lower end of the sleeve 80, and therefore water that passes through the opening 76 will not enter the passage 72 unless the passsage 70 is closed and the passage 72 is open.

The passage 74, which, like the passage 70, is in direct, open communication with the interior space of the reservoir, is connected through a pipe 93 to the sewer pipe 8 at a point downstream of the discharge valve 6.

An overflow pipe 88, which is connected to a drain system under cabin pressure, branches from the outlet pipe 44 just above the reservoir 62. The reservoir 62 is provided with a level detector 91, which provides an electrical signal in the event that the free surface of water in the reservoir falls below the level detector.

At the bottom of the reservoir 62 there is a discharge opening 94 which is coupled to the passage 72 by a pipe 98. At its lower end, the pipe 98 is formed with openings 102 and is surrounded by a filter 106.

The discharge opening 94 at the bottom of the reservoir 62 is connected through a pipe 110, provided with a check valve 114, to a pressure actuated pump 118. The pump is also connected through a rinse water supply pipe 135, provided with a check valve 136, to a spray nozzle system 138 at the rim of the toilet bowl 2.

The pump 118 is connected to one poet 128 of a three-way solenoid valve 130. The valve 130 has a second port 144, which is connected to the sewer pipe, and a third port 148, which is exposed to cabin pressure. The valve 130 is controlled by a switch 149. When the switch 149 is closed, the solenoid operates the valve 130 to connect the port 128 to the port 144 and the partial vacuum applied to the pump causes a metered quantity of water to be discharged from the pump by way of the pipe 135. When the switch 149 is open, the valve connects the port 128 to the port 148 so that cabin pressure is applied to the pump and water is drawn into the pump from the pipe 110. A second solenoid valve 170, controlled by a switch 171, has one port 172 exposed to cabin pressure, a second port 174 connected to the sewer pipe, and a third port 176 connected through a pipe 150 to the motor 152 (FIG. 2). When the switch 171 is open, the valve 170 communicates cabin pressure to the motor 152, and the spring 162 urges the piston 156 to the position shown in FIG. 2 so that the disc 68 is placed in the position in which the passage 70 is open. When the switch 171 is closed, the valve 170 communicates partial vacuum to the motor 152 so that the piston 156 moves in the direction of the arrow in FIG. 2 and the passages 72 and 74 are opened.

A flush control unit 180 receives inputs from a flush initiation switch 182, which is controlled by a flush control button (not shown), and the level detector 91, and provides outputs to control the states of the discharge valve 6 and the switches 52, 149 and 171. The flush control unit 180 receives other inputs and provides other outputs that are not germane to the present invention.

The flush control unit has two modes of operation, namely a normal flush mode and a backwash mode. In the normal flush mode, the flush control unit ensures that the level of water in the reservoir remains at least as high as the level detector 91. If the water level in the reservoir falls below the level detector 91, the flush control unit closes the switch 52 and the valve 42 opens and cold water is supplied to the reservoir for a predetermined time. The volume of water in the reservoir is then greater than what is needed for one flush cycle. If the reservoir 62 is filled, and water backs up in the outlet pipe 44 to the overflow pipe 88, any additional water that enters the pipe 44 overflows through the pipe 88 and is discharged from the aircraft by way of the drain system.

When the flush control button is pressed, the switch 182 is closed and the flush control unit 180 responds by initiating a flush cycle. During the flush cycle, the flush control unit opens and closes the discharge valve 6, to remove waste material from the toilet bowl, and causes rinse water to be supplied to the toilet bowl. The construction and manner of operation of the discharge valve are not pertinent to the invention, nor is the sequence in which the discharge valve is operated and rinse water is supplied and therefore these matters will not be described herein. Also, the flush control unit ensures that a sufficient degree of vacuum exists in the holding tank, but the manner in which this is achieved is not pertinent to the invention and will not be described herein. Reference may be made to U.S. Pat. No. 4,713,867. The present invention is concerned with the means whereby the rinse water is supplied.

At a predetermined time in the flush cycle, the flush control unit closes the switch 149 and thereby actuates the valve 130 to connect the port 144 to the pump 118, so that water is discharged from the pump through the rinse water supply pipe 135 and the check valve 136 to the spray nozzle system 138. Subsequently, the flush control unit opens the switch 149 and the valve 130 places the port 148 in communication with the pump, so that water is drawn from the reservoir through the filter 106, the discharge opening 94, the pipe 110 and the check valve 114, into the pump, recharging the pump.

In order to prevent the filter from becoming blocked, it is necessary to clean the filter from time to time. This is accomplished when the aircraft is on the ground and is being serviced, by operating in the backwash mode. In the backwash mode, the flush control unit energizes the blower 12 for establishing a partial vacuum in the holding tank. The flush control unit also closes the switch 52 so that the cold water valve 42 is opened, supplying clean water to the hand basin. When sufficient time has elapsed to ensure that any solid material in the hand basin or the outlet pipe 44 will have been washed into the reservoir 62, the switch 52 is opened. The switch 171 is then closed so that the solenoid valve 170 connects the port 174 to the port 176, applying vacuum to the motor 152. Consequently, the disc 68 is rotated, closing the passage 70, so that air cannot enter the reservoir through that passage, and opening the passages 72 and 74. Opening of the passage 74 applies a subatmospheric pressure to the reservoir 62, and therefore a flow of air is established from the hand basin through the outlet pipe 44, the passage 72, the pipe 98, the openings 102, the filter 106, the interior space of the reservoir 62 and the passage 74, into the pipe 93. This flow of air displaces solid material from the filter and ensures that the solid material does not settle into the bottom of the reservoir but is entrained in the flow and is removed from the reservoir by way of the passage 74, the pipe 93 and the sewer pipe 8.

The vacuum toilet system shown in FIGS. 1-3 allows use of gray water for toilet rinsing, and thus reduces the amount of water that needs to be carried by an aircraft equipped with a non-recirculating vacuum toilet system. The system is not limited to use of gray water for toilet rinsing, and does not require that all gray water be used for toilet rinsing or otherwise delivered to the holding tank.

FIG. 4 shows a modification of FIGS. 1-3, in which the reservoir 62 is integrated with the pump 118. The pump 118 comprises a housing that defines two coaxial cylindrical bores, and a compound piston member 134 that has large and small diameter pistons 206, 208 connected by a rod 210. The pistons 206, 208 fit slidingly in the two bores respectively, whereby two chambers 122 and 126, whose volumes depend on the position of the piston member 134, are formed. A spring 140 urges the piston member 134 towards the position in which the chambers 122 and 126 are of maximum volume. The reservoir 62 is annular and surrounds the smaller bore of the pump 118 over part of its length and has an annular bottom wall 202. The smaller piston 208 incorporates the check valve 114, depicted schematically as a flap covering a hole in the smaller piston. The chamber 126 is separated from the reservoir 62 by a wall 212 and the rod 210 extends through an opening in the wall 212. The openings 102 are formed in the wall of the chamber 122.

The outlet pipe 44 opens at its lower end into the reservoir 62 through a port 216, which is controlled by a valve 221, normally held open by a spring loaded plunger 224 which extends through the wall 212. The filter 106 is seated against the bottom wall 202 of the reservoir 62 and extends above the holes 102.

The bottom wall 202 is formed with a port 252 which communicates through a normally closed valve 254 with the vacuum sewer line 8. The wall 202 is also formed with a port 260, which is connected to the lower end of a pipe 262, the upper end of which is connected to the outlet pipe 44 above the level of the overflow pipe 88.

When the valve 130 is in its normal position, so that it communicates cabin pressure to the chamber 126, the spring 140 forces the compound piston member 134 upwards, to the position shown in FIG. 4. Assuming that the chamber 122 and the reservoir 62 are empty, gray water from the hand basin flows through the pipe 44 and into the reservoir 62 through the port 216. The valve 254 is closed, and therefore the gray water drains through the filter 106 into the chamber 122 and fills the rinse water line 135. Assuming that sufficient gray water is supplied, the reservoir 62 and its feed pipe 44 are filled to the level of the overflow pipe 88. The overflow pipe 88 is slightly below the spray nozzle system 138, and therefore excess gray water will overflow through the pipe 88 and not through the spray nozzle system. Water also drains into the pipe 262, which is filled to the level of the overflow pipe. When the flush control button is pressed, the flush control unit 180 causes the valve 130 to swing to its second position, thereby closing to cabin pressure and opening to vacuum. Partial vacuum is applied to the chamber 126, and cabin pressure applied to the top of the larger piston 206 forces the piston assembly 134 downwards against the force of the spring 140. The water in the chamber 122 is pressurized and is expelled from the chamber 122 through the rinse water line 135 and the spray nozzle system 139. As the piston assembly moves down, water in the reservoir 62 drains through the filter 106, filling the space on top of the smaller piston 208. After sufficient time for the piston assembly to reach its bottom position, e.g. about 0.5 seconds, the valve 130 swings back to its normal position, disconnecting the chamber 126 from the sewer line and connecting it to cabin pressure. The spring 140 pushes the piston assembly 134 back to its top position, while the check valve 114 in the smaller piston 208 allows water to pass from the upper side of the piston 208 to the lower side thereof, filling the chamber 122. Thus, the pump is ready for the next stroke.

In the event that the level of water in the reservoir 62 falls below the level detector 91, the level detector provides a signal to the flush control unit, and the flush control unit closes the switch 52 so that potable water is supplied to the basin 40 to restore the level of water in the reservoir 62.

Solid material in the gray water that enters the reservoir 62 is trapped by the filter 106, so that it does not enter the chamber 122. The filter 106 is cleaned by backwashing when the aircraft is being serviced.

In order to backwash the filter 106, partial vacuum is established in the sewer pipe 8 and the flush control unit opens the valve 254. Any water in the reservoir 62 and the outlet pipe 44 is removed by way of the port 252. The valve 130 is swung to its second position, and the piston member 134 is forced downwards. When the piston member reaches its bottom position, the larger piston 206 engages the plunger 224 and forces it downwards, causing the valve 221 to close the port 216, thereby preventing air from entering the reservoir by way of the port 216. Therefore, water present in the pipe 262 is drawn into the reservoir and passes through the filter 106 in the reverse direction, removing solid material deposited on the exterior of the filter. When the water has been exhausted from the pipe 262, air is drawn into the reservoir through the pipe 262 and the filter 106. Solid material removed from the filter is removed from the reservoir 62 by way of the port 252 and enters the sewer line 8. After sufficient time to ensure a reliable backwash, for example about 5 seconds, the valve 254 is closed and the valve 130 is swung to its normal position.

It will be appreciated that during a normal flush, the valve 221 will be closed if partial vacuum is applied to the chamber 126 for a sufficient time, but this has no effect on operation of the vacuum toilet system.

The systems described with reference to FIGS. 1-4 are subject to disadvantage, in that each includes a pump and valves and requires a filter to protect the pump and valves, and to prevent blockage of the spray nozzle system. Moreover, each includes a level detector to ensure that there will always be sufficient water in the reservoir 62 to execute a flush. Since a large passenger aircraft might have about 15 toilets, each with its own reservoir and level detector, the risk of failure of a level detector is significant, and if a level detector fails, the entire potable water system might be emptied. Further, in the systems shown in FIGS. 1-4, the flow of air into the toilet bowl does not have a significant cleansing effect.

Co-pending patent application Ser. No. 07/394,072 filed Aug. 15, 1989, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,245,711, discloses a system that avoids these disadvantages.

When designed for use in an aircraft, a vacuum toilet system as shown in FIGS. 1-3, possibly modified in accordance with FIG. 4, may be incorporated in a self-supporting module that is installed in the aircraft as a unit. The module comprises a toilet bowl and associated discharge valve, a hand basin, a reservoir and, in the case of FIGS. 1-4, a pump and filter. The module is self-contained except for connections to the vacuum sewer, the potable water supply and, if necessary, the aircraft drain system.

FIG. 5 illustrates a gray water flush system developed for use on a railroad train. It will be appreciated that space and weight constraints are not generally as severe on a train as on an aircraft, and moreover variations in the direction of gravity relative to the railroad cars are not as great as the variations in the direction of gravity relative to an aircraft.

In the toilet system shown in FIG. 7, the drain pipe 44 opens into a gray water reservoir 400 having an upper compartment 404 and a lower compartment 406 separated by a wall 410 formed with a hole 412. A float 416 is disposed in the upper compartment 404, which is connected to an overflow 420.

A tube 424 connects the bottom of the reservoir 400 to a filter housing 432. The interior space of the filter housing is divided into inner and outer chambers 434, 436 by a filter element 438. The tube 424 opens into the outer chamber 436. The inner chamber of the filter housing is in direct open communication, through a tube 442, with the inlet side of a pump 446, the outlet side of which is connected to the spray nozzles of the toilet bowl 2.

A clean water reservoir 450 is mounted adjacent the gray water reservoir 400. The clean water reservoir 450 is connected to the train's potable water supply through a check valve 454 and a solenoid valve 456. The clean water reservoir 450 has an air vent opening 452 at its top and is connected at its bottom by a tube 460 to the inner chamber 434 of the filter housing 432. The clean water reservoir 450 is provided with a level sensor 464. If the level of water in the clean water reservoir falls below the level sensor, the level sensor issues a signal to the flush control unit, and the flush control unit in turn issues a signal that causes the solenoid valve 456 to open, supplying water to refill the clean water reservoir to a level above the level sensor. The outer chamber 436 of the filter housing 423 is connected to the top of the upper compartment 406 of the gray water reservoir by a tube 468. The gray water reservoir 400 and the clean water reservoir 450 communicate through the filter. Therefore, the level of gray water in the tube 468 and the tube 424 or the reservoir 400 is the same as the level of water in the reservoir 450.

Each time the flush control unit 180 receives a flush signal from the flush initiation switch 182, it energizes the pump 446 for sufficient time to draw a predetermined volume of water from the filter housing and deliver it to the spray nozzles. This volume of water is about the same as that used for aircraft vacuum toilets, i.e. about 0.2-0.25 l. The pump 446 draws water from the inner chamber 434 of the filter housing 432. Because the filter has a finite flow resistance and the tube 460 is of considerably larger diameter than the tube 424, most of the water drawn by the pump is taken from the clean water reservoir 450, and relatively little is drawn through the filter 438 from the outer chamber 436. However, when the flush control unit switches the pump off, gray water from the reservoir 400 is able to flow through the filter and replenish the clean water reservoir. The gray water is thus ready for immediate delivery to the toilet bowl by the pump 446.

The reservoir 400 acts as a buffer that allows the filter 438 to pass gray water at a slower rate than that at which it is supplied by the hand basin 40, thus minimizing the volume of gray water that needs to be discharged through the overflow 420.

The tube 424 is connected through a valve 472 to a tube 476. In order to clean the system and backwash the filter, the tube 476 is connected to a source of partial vacuum and the valve 472 is opened. Provided the level of water in the reservoir 400 is below the level of the wall 410, the float 416 seals the hole 412 and prevents water from being drawn from the reservoir 400. Consequently, the suction applied to the outer filter chamber 436 results in clean water from the reservoir 450 being drawn through the filter into the outer chamber 436, dislodging solid material from the filter. The solid material is entrained in the flow of water and is removed from the system through the pipe 476. When the reservoir 450 and the tube 460 are empty of water, air is drawn through the filter 438 and enters the outer chamber of the filter housing. This air displaces water from the tube 468 and enters the compartment 406 and allows the water and any solid material in the compartment 406 to be removed by way of the tube 424.

It will be appreciated that the present invention is not restricted to the particular embodiments that have been described and illustrated, and that variations may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims and equivalents thereof.

For example, in a modification of the FIGS. 1-3 system, the switch 48 is not connected directly to the solenoid 50. On closing the switch 48, a signal is sent to the flush control unit 180, which closes the switch 52, and thereby energizes the solenoid 50, for a predetermined time. The toilet system described with reference to FIGS. 1-3 is not restricted to use in aircraft, and may be applied to other transport vehicles such as trains and buses, and is not restricted to the particular types of pump and motor that have been illustrated. Further, although each of the illustrated systems includes an overflow for excess gray water, such an overflow is not always essential. 

We claim:
 1. A water supply and disposal system for a transport vehicle, comprising;(a) a toilet bowl having an outlet opening, (b) a sewer pipe having an interior space, (c) a discharge valve connecting the outlet opening of the toilet bowl to the sewer pipe, (d) a source of partial vacuum for establishing, when the discharge valve is closed, a considerably lower pressure in the interior space of the sewer pipe than in the toilet bowl, (e) means defining a rinse liquid outlet for introducing rinse liquid into the toilet bowl, (f) a water utilization unit having a water outlet, (g) a water supply system for providing water to the water utilization unit, (h) duct means defining a flow path connecting the water outlet of the water utilization unit to the rinse liquid outlet, said duct means including a reservoir for collecting water from the water utilization unit, (i) a filter disposed in said flow path for filtering water delivered from the water utilization unit to the rinse liquid outlet, said filter allowing water to flow therethrough in a first direction from the water utilization unit toward the rinse liquid outlet and retaining solid material, (j) a valved passage connected between the source of partial vacuum and a point in the flow path that is upstream of the filter relative to said first direction, and (k) means for supplying backwash fluid from a location under ambient pressure to a point in the flow path that is downstream of the filter relative to said first direction, the above components being constructed and arranged so that on opening the valved passage, difference between ambient pressure and the pressure established by the source of partial vacuum forces backwash fluid through the filter in a second direction, opposite the first direction, for backwashing the filter and transporting solid material out of the duct means.
 2. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 1, wherein the filter is located for filtering water as it leaves the reservoir by way of a reservoir outlet.
 3. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 1, wherein the means for supplying backwash fluid comprise a tube that extends within the reservoir and is connected to the rinse liquid outlet, and wherein the reservoir has an outlet that is defined by at least one opening in the tube and the filter is generally annular in section and surrounds the tube.
 4. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 1, wherein the reservoir has an inlet for receiving water from the outlet of the water utilization unit and also has an outlet, the system further comprises pump means connected to the reservoir outlet for delivering water from the reservoir to the rinse liquid outlet, and the filter is located upstream of the pump means relative to said first flow direction.
 5. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 1, wherein the valved passage is connected between the reservoir and the sewer pipe.
 6. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 1, wherein the reservoir has an inlet for receiving water from the outlet of the water utilization unit and also has an outlet, and the means for supplying backwash fluid comprise means for supplying fluid to the outlet of the reservoir otherwise than by way of the inlet thereof.
 7. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 6, wherein the means for supplying fluid to the outlet of the reservoir comprise a valved by-pass pipe that provides communication between the water outlet of the water utilization unit and the outlet of the reservoir.
 8. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 7 comprising a valve member that closes the inlet of the reservoir when the by-pass pipe is opened and vice versa.
 9. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 1, comprising vacuum-operable pump means for delivering water from the reservoir to the rinse liquid outlet, and valve means for selectively connecting the pump means to the source of partial vacuum.
 10. A water supply and disposal system for a transport vehicle, comprising:(a) a toilet bowl having an outlet opening, (b) a sewer pipe having an interior space, (c) a discharge valve connecting the outlet opening of the toilet bowl to the sewer pipe, (d) a source of partial vacuum for establishing, when the discharge valve is closed, a considerably lower pressure in the interior space of the sewer pipe than in the toilet bowl, (e) means defining a rinse liquid outlet for introducing rinse liquid into the toilet bowl, (f) a water utilization unit having a water outlet, (g) a water supply system for providing water to the water utilization unit, (h) a first reservoir for collecting water from the outlet of the water utilization unit, (i) a second reservoir, said second reservoir being vented, (j) conduit means providing liquid communication between the first and second reservoirs, (k) delivery means for delivering water from the second reservoir to the rinse liquid outlet, (l) a filter disposed in the conduit means for preventing solid material from passing through the conduit means from the first reservoir to the second reservoir, and (m) a valved passage for providing communication between the source of partial vacuum and a point in the conduit means that is upstream of the filter with respect to direction of flow from the first reservoir to the second reservoir, the above components being constructed and arranged so that on opening the valved passage, fluid from the second reservoir is forced through the filter in a second direction, opposite the first direction, and the filter is thereby backwashed and solid material is transported out of the conduit means.
 11. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 10, wherein the delivery means comprise a conduit in open communication with said conduit means at a point downstream of the filter.
 12. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 10, wherein the first reservoir defines an upper compartment, to which water from the outlet of the water utilization unit is supplied, a lower compartment from which the conduit means extend, and check valve means effective between the upper compartment and the lower compartment for preventing flow of fluid from the upper compartment to the lower compartment when the upper compartment is empty.
 13. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 10, wherein the filter comprises a housing defining first and second chambers and a filter element between the first and second chambers, the conduit means comprise a first conduit extending from the first reservoir to the first chamber of the filter and a second conduit extending between the second chamber of the filter and the second reservoir, and the delivery means comprise a conduit extending from the second chamber of the filter to the rinse liquid outlet.
 14. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 13, wherein the resistance to flow of liquid through the second conduit is substantially less than the resistance to flow of liquid through the first conduit and the filter element.
 15. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 10, where in the first and second reservoirs each have a bottom, the bottom of the second reservoir being below the bottom of the first reservoir and the volume of the second reservoir that is below the level of the bottom of the first reservoir being sufficient for carrying out one flush of the toilet bowl.
 16. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 10, comprising a water supply valve connecting the second reservoir to the water supply system.
 17. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 16, further comprising a level detector for detecting when the water level in the second reservoir falls to a minimum level, and wherein the water supply valve is responsive to the level detector for supplying water to the second reservoir when the water level therein falls to said minimum level.
 18. A water supply and disposal system for a transport vehicle, comprising:(a) a toilet bowl having an outlet opening, (b) a sewer pipe having an interior space, (c) a positively operable, normally closed discharge valve connecting the outlet opening of the toilet bowl to the sewer pipe and controlling discharge of material from the toilet bowl into the sewer pipe, the discharge valve being operable to an open position in response to a flush command, (d) a source of partial vacuum for establishing a considerably lower pressure in the interior space of the sewer pipe than in the toilet bowl, the pressure difference between the interior space of the sewer pipe and the toilet bowl being sufficient for effective transport of sewage in the sewer pipe, (e) means defining a rinse liquid outlet for introducing rinse liquid into the toilet bowl, (f) a water utilization unit having a water outlet, (g) a water supply system for providing water to the water utilization unit, (h) a reservoir having an inlet for receiving water from the outlet of the water utilization unit and also having an outlet, (i) a filter for passing liquid in a first flow direction from the reservoir to the rinse liquid outlet and preventing solid material in the reservoir from reaching the rinse liquid outlet, and (j) backwash means responsive to difference between ambient pressure and the pressure in the interior space of the sewer pipe for forcing fluid through the filter in a second flow direction, opposite said first flow direction, and removing solid material from the filter, and for removing such fluid and solid material entrained therein from further contact with the filter.
 19. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 18, wherein the backwash means comprise a valved passage for providing communication between the reservoir and the sewer pipe.
 20. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 19, wherein the backwash means further comprise means for selectively connecting a point downstream of the filter in the first flow direction to the ambient air, so that when the valved passage is open, air is forced through the filter in the second flow direction.
 21. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 18, comprising means for supplying fluid to a point downstream of the filter in the first flow direction otherwise than by way of the inlet of the reservoir.
 22. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 21, wherein the means for supplying fluid to said point downstream of the filter comprise a valved by-pass pipe that provides communication between the water supply system of the water utilization unit and said point downstream of the filter, and the system further comprises a valve member that closes the inlet of the reservoir when the by-pass pipe is opened and vice versa.
 23. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 18, comprising wall means defining a pump chamber for receiving water from the reservoir, and a motor that is operative to expel water from the pump chamber towards the rinse liquid outlet, and the system further comprises a flush control member and discharge valve control means connected to the discharge valve and responsive to actuation of the flush control member to execute a flush cycle, in which the discharge valve is opened and is subsequently closed and the motor is operated.
 24. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 18 comprising a second reservoir connected to a point downstream of the filter in the first flow direction, whereby liquid from the water utilization unit is able to pass through the filter in the first flow direction and accumulate in the second reservoir and can be withdrawn rapidly from the second reservoir for supply to the rinse liquid outlet.
 25. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 18, comprising wall means defining a pump chamber for receiving water from the reservoir, a motor that is operative to expel water from the pump chamber towards the rinse liquid outlet, and connection means for selectively connecting the motor to a source of operating power.
 26. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 25, wherein the filter is effective between the reservoir and the pump chamber, whereby the water received by the pump chamber is filtered.
 27. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 26, wherein the backwash means comprise valve means for selectively connecting the reservoir to the sewer pipe, and means for introducing fluid into the reservoir through the filter.
 28. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 25, wherein the motor is pressure operated and the connection means comprise a valve for selectively connecting the motor to the source of partial vacuum.
 29. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 25, comprising a piston that is displaceable in reciprocating fashion relative to the wall means to vary the volume of the pump chamber, and wherein each flush cycle comprises a single expulsion phase in which the piston is driven to expel fluid from the pump chamber and a single induction phase that follows the expulsion phase and in which the piston is driven to draw filtered water into the pump chamber.
 30. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 18, further comprising a level detector for detecting when the water level in the reservoir falls to a minimum level, and means responsive to the level detector for supplying water to the reservoir when the water level in the reservoir falls to said minimum level.
 31. A water supply and disposal system for a transport vehicle, comprising;(a) a toilet bowl having an outlet opening, (b) a sewer pipe having an interior space, (c) a discharge valve connecting the outlet opening of the toilet bowl to the sewer pipe, (d) a source of partial vacuum for establishing, when the discharge valve is closed, a considerably lower pressure in the interior space of the sewer pipe than in the toilet bowl, (e) means defining a rinse liquid outlet for introducing rinse liquid into the toilet bowl, (f) a water utilization unit having a water outlet, (g) a water supply system for providing water to the water utilization unit, (h) duct means defining a flow path connecting the water outlet of the water utilization unit to the rinse liquid outlet, said duct means including a reservoir for collecting water from the water utilization unit, (i) a filter disposed in said flow path for filtering water delivered from the water utilization unit to the rinse liquid outlet, said filter allowing water to flow therethrough in a first direction from the water utilization unit toward the rinse liquid outlet and retaining solid material that enters the duct means by way of the water utilization unit, (j) a valved passage connected between the source of partial vacuum and a point in the flow path that is upstream of the filter relative to said first direction, and (k) means for supplying backwash fluid through the filter to said point in the flow path, the above components being constructed and arranged so that on opening the valved passage, backwash fluid is forced through the filter for backwashing the filter and transporting solid material out of the duct means.
 32. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 31, comprising pump means for delivering water from the reservoir to the rinse liquid outlet, and wherein the pump means comprise wall means defining a pump chamber for receiving water from the reservoir, and a motor that is responsive to vacuum and is operative to expel water from the pump chamber towards the rinse liquid outlet, and the system comprises valve means for selectively connecting the pump means to the source of partial vacuum.
 33. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 32, wherein the pump means comprise a piston that is displaceable relative to the wall means to vary the volume of the pump chamber, and the motor comprises means defining a second chamber, a displaceable member for varying the volume of the second chamber, and means for urging the displaceable member to increase the volume of the second chamber, said displaceable member being connected to said piston, and the valve means being operable selectively to connect the second chamber to the source of partial vacuum or atmospheric pressure.
 34. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 32, wherein the filter is effective between the reservoir and the pump chamber, and the system further comprises second valve means for selectively connecting the reservoir to the sewer pipe, and means for introducing fluid into the reservoir through the filter.
 35. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 1, wherein the valved passage debouches into the sewer pipe, whereby on opening the valved passage, backwash fluid flows through the filter and backwash fluid and solid material entrained therein pass through the reservoir to the sewer pipe.
 36. A water supply and disposal system according to claim 1, wherein the duct means comprises a first duct connected between the outlet of the water utilization unit and an inlet of the reservoir, and a second duct connected to an outlet of the reservoir, the filter allows water to flow from the reservoir by way of the second duct, and the means for supplying backwash fluid comprises a duct that is connected between the ambient atmosphere and the point in the flow path that is downstream of the filter, whereby on opening the valved passage, air is forced through the filter in the second direction and air and solid material entrained therein pass through the reservoir to the sewer pipe. 